704 Phil. 77
Hindi porke’t may sapat na dahilan para tanggalin ang isang empleyado ay balewala na ang proseso na dapat sundin ng employer. Sa kasong ito, tinalakay ng Korte Suprema kung ano ang mangyayari kung napatunayang may just cause para sa pagtanggal, pero hindi naman nasunod ang tamang proseso.
Ang kaso na ito ay tungkol sa petisyon para suriin ang desisyon ng Court of Appeals (CA) sa C.A.-G.R. SP No. 81798. Ipinagtibay ng CA na valid ang pagtanggal kay Maria Lourdes C. De Jesus (De Jesus) mula sa Supersonic Services, Inc. (Supersonic). Pero, pinag-utusan din ang Supersonic na bayaran si De Jesus ng full backwages dahil hindi nila sinunod ang ‘two-written notice rule’ na nakasaad sa Labor Code, base sa ruling sa kasong Serrano v. National Labor Relations Commission.
Mga Pangyayari
Ayon sa CA, ang mga sumusunod ang naging basehan ng kaso:
Noong February 20, 2002, nag-file si Ma. Lourdes De Jesus ng reklamo sa Labor Arbiter laban sa Supersonic Services Inc., Pakistan Airlines, Gil Puyat, Jr. at Divina Abad Santos para sa illegal dismissal. Hiling niya ang separation pay, full backwages, moral at exemplary damages, at iba pa.
Ayon kay De Jesus, nagtrabaho siya sa Supersonic mula February 1976 hanggang sa tanggalin siya noong March 15, 2001. Reservation staff siya mula 1976 hanggang 1992, at Sales Promotion Officer mula 1992. Bilang Sales Promotion Officer, naghahanap siya ng kliyente at nagbebenta ng plane tickets sa iba’t ibang travel agencies nang pautang. Noong March 12, 2001, naoperahan siya sa hysterectomy dahil sa continuous bleeding. Nag-apply siya ng 60-day leave. Noong June 1, 2001, pagbalik niya sa Supersonic, nakita niyang bukas ang drawers ng desk niya at nakaimpake na ang gamit niya nang walang paalam. Hiningan siya ni Divina Abad Santos (Santos), ang general manager, na pumirma ng promissory note at pinagbawalan siyang umalis hangga’t hindi siya pumipirma. Napilitan siyang pumirma, kinopya lang niya ang draft na ginawa ni Santos at Cora Malubay (Malubay), secretary ni Santos. Pinapirma rin siya para i-endorse sa Supersonic ang SSS check niya na P25,000.00, na benefits niya mula sa operasyon. Wala raw notice o hearing bago siya tanggalin. Nag-file pa raw ang Supersonic ng kasong Estafa laban sa kanya dahil hindi raw siya nakapag-remit ng collections, kahit na na-remit na niya lahat. Ginawa raw ang pagtanggal sa kanya nang bad faith at labag sa due process.
Depensa naman ng Supersonic: Bilang Sales Promotion Officer, awtorisado si De Jesus na maghanap ng kliyente at tumanggap ng bayad. Confidential at sensitive ang posisyon niya. Nakabenta si De Jesus ng tickets para sa Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) at tumanggap ng bayad para dito. Mula May 30, 2000 hanggang September 28, 2000, nakapag-issue si De Jesus ng PIA tickets sa Monaliza Placement Agency, kliyente niya, na nagkakahalaga ng U.S.$15,085.00. Noong January 24, 2001, pinadalhan si De Jesus ng memorandum tungkol sa collections. Noong March 2001, pinaalalahanan siyang mag-collect ng past due accounts. Ayon sa records ng company, umabot sa U.S.$36,168.39 ang outstanding balance ni De Jesus. Nalaman nila na bayad na raw ang U.S.$36, 168.39 kay De Jesus pero hindi niya ito na-turn over. Kaya pinadalhan siya ng memorandum na nag-uutos sa kanya na magpaliwanag kung bakit hindi siya dapat tanggalin dahil sa failure to account for U.S.$36, 168.39. Sinabihan din siya verbally na balak siyang tanggalin. Pagkatapos ng imbestigasyon at confrontation, umamin si De Jesus na natanggap niya ang U.S.$36,168.39 at pumirma pa ng promissory note. Alam niya raw na matatanggal siya at pumayag pa siyang i-offset ang obligation niya sa retirement benefits niya. Dahil hindi siya tumupad sa pangako niyang magbayad, pinadalhan siya ng demand letter. Sinuspinde siya bilang precautionary measure at para protektahan ang interes ng company. Dahil hindi pa rin siya nagbabayad, nag-file sila ng kasong estafa laban sa kanya. Para raw gumanti, nag-file si De Jesus ng illegal dismissal case.[3]
Pinaboran ng Labor Arbiter ang Supersonic noong October 30, 2002. Sinabi nilang may just cause ang pagtanggal kay De Jesus at nasunod ang due process.
Nag-apela si De Jesus sa National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC), iginiit niyang hindi siya nabigyan ng pagkakataong magpaliwanag.
Pero, pinagtibay ng NLRC ang desisyon ng Labor Arbiter noong July 31, 2003. Ayon sa NLRC:
Base sa Memorandum dated May 12, 2001, inutusan si complainant na magpaliwanag kung bakit hindi siya dapat tanggalin dahil hindi niya na-account ang cash collections (Records, p. 37). Sa letter dated June 1, 2001, inamin ni complainant na hindi niya na-turn over ang US$36,168.39 (Records, p. 40). Wala siyang ibang paliwanag. Hindi rin credible ang allegation niya ng duress dahil walang ebidensya na napilitan siyang pumirma. Nabigyan siya ng pagkakataong magpaliwanag kaya hindi niya masasabing denied siya ng due process. Ang admission niya at iba pang ebidensya, kasama na ang finding ng prima facie case for estafa, at statements mula sa kliyente, ay sapat para kontrahin ang assertion ni complainant na walang just cause para tanggalin siya.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the decision under review is AFFIRMED, and complainant’s appeal, DISMISSED, for lack of merit.
SO ORDERED.
Dinepensahan ng NLRC ang desisyon nila noong October 30, 2003.[6]
Nag-file si De Jesus ng petition for certiorari sa CA, sinabing nag-grave abuse of discretion ang NLRC nang sabihing hindi siya denied ng due process, at may just cause daw ang pagtanggal sa kanya.
Pumabor ang CA kay De Jesus noong July 23, 2004:[7]
Partly meritorious ang petition.
Sa termination of employment based on just cause, hindi sapat na nagkamali ang empleyado o inimical sa interes ng employer ang pagpapatuloy niya sa trabaho. Dapat magbigay ang employer ng dalawang written notices – una, specifying ang ground o grounds for termination at reasonable opportunity para magpaliwanag ang empleyado, at pangalawa, indicating na base sa circumstances, may grounds para tanggalin siya. Kailangan din ng hearing o conference para makapagpresenta ng ebidensya ang empleyado.
Hindi disputed na hindi na-remit ni De Jesus ang collections niya. Inamin niya ito sa letters niya dated April 5, 2001 at May 15, 2001 kay Santos. Hindi namin totally disregarded ang allegations niya ng duress sa promissory note, pero nag-coincide ang facts doon sa fact na remiss siya sa duties niya. Confidential at sensitive ang posisyon niya, kaya justified ang termination niya based on just cause. Sapat na ang failure ni De Jesus to fully account her collections para mawalan ng trust and confidence ang company sa kanya. Hindi kailangan ng proof beyond reasonable doubt para sa loss of trust and confidence. Sapat na ang “some basis” o reasonable grounds para maniwala ang employer na responsible ang empleyado sa misconduct.
Pero, kahit valid ang dismissal ni De Jesus for just cause, hindi sinunod ang procedure sa Labor Code at sa Serrano vs. NLRC.
Walang ebidensya na nabigyan si De Jesus ng two written notices bago siya tanggalin. Ang memoranda ay internal correspondence lang para paalalahanan siya sa accountabilities niya. Kahit sabihing satisfied ang minimum requirements ng due process, hindi pa rin satisfied ang notice requirement sa Labor Code dahil dapat clear sa notice ang intention to sever services. Wala ito sa memoranda. Ayon sa Supreme Court sa Serrano, hindi denial of due process ang violation ng notice requirement. Ang notice ay para makapaghanda ang empleyado para sa legal battle at makahanap ng ibang trabaho.
Ayon sa Serrano vs. NLRC, ineffectual ang dismissal ni De Jesus.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Resolutions dated July 31, 2003 and October 30, 2003 of the NLRC, Second Division in NLRC NCR 30-02-01058-02 (CA NO. 033714-02) are hereby MODIFIED, in that while the dismissal is hereby held to be valid, the same must declared ineffectual. As a consequence thereof, Supersonic is hereby required to pay petitioner Maria Lourdes De Jesus full backwages from the time her employment was terminated up to the finality of this decision.
SO ORDERED.
Nag-apela si De Jesus sa Korte Suprema (G.R. No. 164662), at nag-motion for reconsideration naman ang Supersonic sa CA. Nang dinepensahan ang motion for reconsideration noong October 21, 2004, nag-apela rin ang Supersonic sa Korte Suprema (G.R. No. 165787). Pinagsama ang appeals noong October 5, 2005.[8]
Sa G.R. No. 164662, sinabi ni De Jesus na:
- Nagkamali ang Court of Appeals sa pag-finding na backwages lang ang dapat bayaran ng Supersonic, hindi damages.
- Nagkamali ang Court of Appeals sa pag-finding na valid ang dismissal pero ineffectual.[9]
Sa G.R. No. 165787, sinabi naman ng Supersonic na nagkamali ang CA:
- Nagkamali ang Respondent Court of Appeals nang sabihing hindi nasunod ang two-notice requirement.
- Nagkamali ang Respondent Court of Appeals nang sabihing applicable ang Serrano Doctrine.
- Abandoned na ang Serrano Doctrine sa kasong Agabon v. NLRC.
- Nagkamali ang Respondent Court of Appeals sa pag-award ng damages kay De Jesus.[10]
Ang mga isyu sa kaso ay: (1) Justified ba ang pagtanggal kay De Jesus? (2) Sinunod ba ang two-written notice rule? (3) Entitled ba si De Jesus sa full backwages at damages?
Desisyon ng Korte Suprema
Pinaboran ng Korte Suprema ang petisyon ng Supersonic sa G.R. No. 165787.
Una, napatunayan ng Supersonic na hindi na-remit ni De Jesus ang collections niya. Pinagtibay na ng Labor Arbiter, NLRC, at CA na may just cause para tanggalin si De Jesus. Walang dahilan para baguhin ito ng Korte Suprema. Valid ang pagtanggal kay De Jesus.
Nakasaad sa Article 282 ng Labor Code ang mga just causes para tanggalin ang empleyado:
Article 282.Termination by employer. – Maaaring tanggalin ng employer ang empleyado sa mga sumusunod na dahilan:
(a) Seryosong misconduct o pagsuway sa lawful orders ng employer o representative.
(b) Gross at habitual neglect of duties.
(c) Fraud o willful breach of trust.
(d) Commission of a crime laban sa employer o immediate family member o representative.
(e) Iba pang causes na analogous sa mga nabanggit.
Ayon sa CA, hindi disputed ni De Jesus ang failure niya to remit collections. Inamin niya ito sa letters niya noong April 5, 2001 at May 15, 2001. Niloko niya raw ang employer o nilabag ang trust. Sapat na raw ang “reasonable grounds” para mawalan ng tiwala ang employer kay De Jesus.[11]
Pangalawa, magkaiba ang NLRC at CA sa isyu ng two-written notice rule. Sinabi ng CA na hindi sinunod ng Supersonic ang rule. Sinuri ulit ng Korte Suprema ang records.[12]
Sumang-ayon ang Korte Suprema sa CA na hindi sinunod ang two-written notice rule.
Betrayal of trust ang dahilan ng pagtanggal kay De Jesus.[13] Pero, may karapatan pa rin siya sa due process. Dapat magpadala ang Supersonic ng dalawang written notices bago tanggalin si De Jesus. Nakasaad ito sa Article 277 ng Labor Code:
Article 277. Miscellaneous provisions.–xxx
x x x x
(b) Subject to the constitutional right of workers to security of tenure and their right to be protected against dismissal except for a just and authorized cause and without prejudice to the requirement of notice under Article 283 of this Code, the employer shall furnish the worker whose employment is sought to be terminated a written notice containing a statement of the causes for termination and shall afford the latter ample opportunity to be heard and to defend himself with the assistance of his representative if he so desires in accordance with company rules and regulations promulgated pursuant to guidelines set by the Department of Labor and Employment. Any decision taken by the employer shall be without prejudice to the right of the worker to contest the validity or legality of his dismissal by filing a complaint with the regional branch of the National Labor Relations Commission. The burden of proving that the termination was for a valid or authorized cause shall rest on the employer. The Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment may suspend the effects of the termination pending resolution of the dispute in the event of a prima facie finding by the appropriate official of the Department of Labor and Employment before whom such dispute is pending that the termination may cause a serious labor dispute or is in implementation of a mass lay-off.[14]
x x x x
at sa Section 2[15] at Section 7,[16] Rule I, Book VI ng Implementing Rules of the Labor Code. Ang unang notice ay tungkol sa acts o omissions na dahilan ng dismissal. Ang pangalawang notice ay tungkol sa desisyon ng employer na tanggalin siya. Dapat bigyan ng reasonable period si De Jesus para sumagot sa unang notice at bigyan siya ng ample opportunity na magpaliwanag.[17] Mandatory ang requirement na ito.[18]
Sinunod ba ng Supersonic ang due process?
Sabi ng Supersonic, ang memoranda noong March 26, 2001 at May 12, 2001 ang notices nila:
Memorandum dated March 26, 2001
26 March 2001
MEMORANDUM
TO
|
:
|
MA LOURDES DE JESUS
|
|
|
SALES PROMOTION OFFICER
|
FROM
|
:
|
DIVINA S. ABAD SANTOS
|
SUBJECT
|
:
|
PAST DUE ACCOUNTS
|
We have repeatedly reminded you to collect payment of accounts guaranteed by you and which have been past due since last year. You have assured us that these will be settled by the end of February 2001.
Our books show, that as of today, March 26, 2001, the following accounts have outstanding balances:
Wafa
|
$6,585
|
|
Monaliza/Ragab
|
4,326.39
|
|
Salah
|
1,950
|
|
Jerico
|
1,300
|
|
Rafat
|
4,730
|
|
Mahmood/Alhirsh
|
3,205
|
|
Amina
|
2,000
|
|
MMML
|
1,653
|
|
RDRI
|
361
|
|
HMD
|
2,100
|
|
Amru
|
1,388
|
|
Iyad Ali
|
97
|
|
Ali
|
740
|
|
Maher
|
675
|
|
Sharikat
|
350
|
|
Imad
|
905
|
|
Rubies
|
2,678
|
|
Adel
|
1,125
|
|
|
$36,168.39
|
|
Please give us an updated report on your collection efforts and the status of each of the above accounts to enable us to take necessary actions. This would be submitted on or before April 2, 2001
(SGD) DIVINA ABAD SANTOS
General Manager[19]
Memorandum dated May 12, 2001
12 May 2001
MEMORANDUM
TO
|
:
|
MA LOURDES DE JESUS
|
|
|
SALES PROMOTION OFFICER
|
FROM
|
:
|
DIVINA S. ABAD SANTOS GENERAL MANAGER
|
SUBJECT
|
:
|
PAST DUE ACCOUNTS
|
You are asked to refer to my memorandum dated 26 March 2001. We were informed that the following accounts have been paid to you but not accounted/turned over to the office:
NAME
|
AMOUNTS
|
|
Wafa
|
$6,585
|
|
Monaliza/Ragab
|
4,326.39
|
|
Salah
|
1,950
|
|
Jerico
|
1,300
|
|
Rafat
|
4,730
|
|
Mahmood/Alhirsh
|
3,205
|
|
Amina
|
2,000
|
|
MMML
|
1,653
|
|
RDRI
|
361
|
|
HMD
|
2,100
|
|
Amru
|
1,388
|
|
Iyad Ali
|
97
|
|
Ali
|
740
|
|
Maher
|
675
|
|
Sharikat
|
350
|
|
Imad
|
905
|
|
Rubies
|
2,678
|
|
Adel
|
1,125
|
|
|
$36,168.39
|
|
You are hereby directed to explain in writing within 72 hours from receipt of this memorandum, why you should not be dismissed for cause for failure to account for above amounts.
By your failure to explain in writing the above accountabilities, within the set deadline, we shall assume that you have misappropriated the same for your own use and benefit to the damage of the office.
(SGD.) DIVINA S. ABAD SANTOS
General Manager[20]
Hindi sapat ang mga memoranda na ito. Ang March 26, 2001 memorandum ay reminder lang. Ang May 12, 2001 memorandum ay first notice pa lang, hindi notice of dismissal.
Sang-ayon ang CA sa ruling sa Serrano v. National Labor Relations Commission.
The evidence on record is bereft of any indicia that the two written notices were furnished to De Jesus prior to her dismissal. The various memoranda given her were not the same notices required by law, as they were mere internal correspondences intended to remind De Jesus of her outstanding accountabilities to the company. Assuming for the sake of argument that the memoranda furnished to De Jesus may have satisfied the minimum requirements of due process, still, the same did not satisfy the notice requirement under the Labor Code because the intention to sever the employee’s services must be made clear in the notice. Such was not apparent from the memoranda. As the Supreme Court held in Serrano, the violation of the notice requirement is not strictly a denial of due process. This is because such notice is precisely intended to enable the employee not only to prepare himself for the legal battle to protect his tenure of employment, but also to find other means of employment and ease the impact of the loss of his job and, necessarily, his income.
Conformably with the doctrine laid down in Serrano vs. NLRC, the dismissal of De Jesus should therefore be struck (down) as ineffectual.[21]
Pangatlo, sinabi ng Supersonic na nagkamali ang CA sa pag-apply ng Serrano v. National Labor Relations Commission, dapat daw ang Agabon v. National Labor Relations Commission.[22]
Sa Serrano, sinabi ng Korte Suprema:
x x x, with respect to dismissals for cause under Art. 282, if it is shown that the employee was dismissed for any of the just causes mentioned in said Art. 282, then, in accordance with that article, he should not be reinstated. However, he must be paid backwages from the time his employment was terminated until it is determined that the termination of employment is for a just cause because the failure to hear him before he is dismissed renders the termination of his employment without legal effect.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED and the resolution of the National Labor Relations Commission is MODIFIED by ordering private respondent Isetann Department Store, Inc. to pay petitioner separation pay equivalent to one (1) month pay for every year of service, his unpaid salary, and his proportionate 13th month pay and, in addition, full backwages from the time his employment was terminated on October 11, 1991 up to the time the decision herein becomes final. For this purpose, this case is REMANDED to the Labor Arbiter for computation of the separation pay, backwages, and other monetary awards to petitioner.
SO ORDERED.[23]
Hindi nagkamali ang CA. Noong nagdesisyon ang CA noong July 23, 2004, at dinepensahan ang motion for reconsideration noong October 21, 2004, Serrano pa rin ang applicable law. Hindi pwedeng sabihing nagkamali ang CA dahil na-abandon na ang Serrano sa Agabon kung sinunod lang naman ng CA ang batas noong panahong iyon. Prospective ang application ng bagong doctrine, hindi retroactive.[24]
Pero, binago na ng Korte Suprema ang pananaw nila sa Agabon noong November 17, 2004. Ginawa nilang retroactive ang Agabon para maiwasan ang unfairness ng Serrano.[27] Sa Agabon, kahit hindi nasunod ang due process (two-written notices), valid pa rin ang dismissal kung may just cause. Nakita ng Korte Suprema na unfair ang Serrano dahil parang pino-protektahan pa ang mga empleyadong may kasalanan.[28]
Sa Agabon, binigyan ng Korte Suprema ng nominal damages ang empleyado dahil hindi nasunod ang due process. P50,000.00 ang nominal damages kay De Jesus para sa violation ng right niya to due process.
KONKLUSYON, DENIED ang petisyon ni De Jesus sa G.R. No. 164662. PARTIALLY GRANTED ang petisyon ng Supersonic sa G.R. No. 165787. VALID at EFFECTUAL ang dismissal kay Maria Lourdes C. De Jesus dahil may just cause. Pero, INUTUSAN ang Supersonic Services, Inc. na bayaran si Maria Lourdes C. De Jesus ng P50,000.00 bilang nominal damages dahil hindi nasunod ang due process.
Walang costs of suit.
SO ORDERED.
Sereno, C.J., Leonardo-De Castro, Villarama, Jr., at Reyes, JJ., concur.
[1] Rollo (G.R. No. 164662), pp. 20-26; penned by Associate Justice Remedios A. Salazar-Fernando, with Associate Justice Cancio C. Garcia (later Presiding Justice, and a Member of the Court, but now retired) and Associate Justice Hakim S. Abdulwahid concurring.
[2] G.R. No. 117040, January 27, 2000, 323 SCRA 445.
[3] Rollo (G.R. No. 164662), pp. 21-23.
[4] Rollo (G.R. No. 165787), pp. 149-154.
[5] Id.at 175-178.
[6] Id.at 194-195.
[7] Supra note 1, at 24-26.
[8] Rollo (G.R. No. 165787),p. 339.
[9] Rollo (G.R. No. 164662), p. 12.
[10] Rollo (G.R. No. 165787), pp. 31-32.
[11] Supra note 1.
[12] Lopez v. Bodega City, G.R. No. 155731, September 3, 2007, 532 SCRA 56, 64; Tiu v. Pasaol, Sr., G.R. No. 139876, April 30, 2003, 402 SCRA 312, 319; Manila Water Company, Inc. v. Pena, G.R. No. 158255, July 8, 2004, 434 SCRA 53, 58-59.
[13] Caingat v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 154308, March 10, 2005, 453 SCRA 142,151-152; Central Pangasinan Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Macaraeg, G.R. No. 145800, January 22, 2003, 395 SCRA 720, 727; Quezon Electric Cooperative v. NLRC, G.R. Nos. 79718-22, April 12, 1989, 172 SCRA 88, 94.
[14] As amended by Section 33, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989.
[15] Section 2. Security of Tenure. – xxx
x x x x
(d) In all cases of termination of employment, the following standards of due process shall be substantially observed:
For termination of employment based on just causes as defined in Article 282 of the Labor Code:
(i) A written notice served on the employee specifying the ground or grounds for termination, and giving said employee reasonable opportunity within which to explain his side.
(ii) A hearing or conference during which the employee concerned, with the assistance of counsel if he so desires is given opportunity to respond to the charge, present his evidence, or rebut the evidence presented against him.
(iii) A written notice of termination served on the employee, indicating that upon due consideration of all the circumstances, grounds have been established to justify his termination.
x x x x
[16] Section 7. Termination of employment by employer. – The just causes for terminating the services of an employee shall be those provided in Article 282 of the Code. The separation from work of an employee for a just cause does not entitle him to the termination pay provided in Code, without prejudice, however, to whatever rights, benefits and privileges he may have under the applicable individual or collective bargaining agreement with the employer or voluntary employer policy or practice.
[17] Lim v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 118434, July 26, 1996, 259 SCRA 485, 498.
[18] Colegio de San Juan de Letran–Calamba v. Villas, G.R. No. 137795, March 26, 2003, 399 SCRA 550, 559; Equitable Banking Corporation v. NLRC, G.R. No. 102467, June 13, 1997, 273 SCRA 352, 378.
[19] Rollo (G.R. No. 165787), p. 120.
[20] Id. at 121.
[21] Supra note 1, at 25.
[22] G.R. No. 158693, November 17, 2004, 442 SCRA 573.
[23] Supra note 2, at 476.
[24] Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 111267, September 20, 1996, 262 SCRA 219, 225; Columbia Pictures, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 110318, August 28, 1996, 261 SCRA 144, 167; People v. Jabinal, No. L-30061, February 27, 1974, 55 SCRA 607, 612; Unciano Paramedical College, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 100335, April 7, 1993, 221 SCRA 285, 293; Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113888, August 19, 1994, 235 SCRA 506, 552.
[25] De Agbayani v. Philippine National Bank, No. L-23127, April 29, 1971, 38 SCRA 429, 435.
[26] See Co v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 100776, October 28, 1993, 227 SCRA 444, 448.
[27] Culili v. Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 165381, February 9, 2011, 642 SCRA 338, 363; RTG Construction, Inc. v. Facto, G.R. No. 163872, December 21, 2009, 608 SCRA 615, 623; Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Garcia, G.R. No. 159625, January 31, 2008, 543 SCRA 364, 374; Magro Placement and General Services v. Hernandez, G.R. No. 156964, July 4, 2007, 526 SCRA 408, 417-418; King of Kings Transport, Inc. v. Mamac, G.R. No. 166208, June 29, 2007, 526 SCRA 116, 127; Aladdin Transit Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 152123, June 21, 2005, 460 SCRA 468, 472; Jaka Food Processing Corporation v. Pacot, G.R. No. 151378, March 28, 2005, 454 SCRA 119, 124.
[28] Supra note 22, at 614.
[29] Id. at 617.
[30] E.g., Culili v. Eastern Telecommunications Phils., Inc., supra note 27.